A comparative analysis of public R&I funding in the EU, US, and China

This paper compares public R&I funding across the EU, US, and China - the world's largest R&I spenders – over recent years and identifies five key findings and their policy implications for the EU. It highlights the EU's lag in leveraging private investment, fragmented funding landscape, and lower absolute R&D spending compared to global peers. The authors call for a more strategic, better-coordinated, and innovation-driven EU R&I policy.